Punnet Squares and Mendelian Genetics
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Gregor Mendel- Father of Genetics; studies pea plants; an Austrian Monk (1850s)
Studied patterns of heredity by collecting data of plants that he would "cross". Law of Dominance Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Probability plays a role in the outcome of offspring Genotype (genetic makeup) vs Phenotype (physical characteristics) Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Polygenetic Inheritance Sex Linked Genes Codominance
Polygenetic
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Simple Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Multiple Alleles
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Pedigree: a family tree that indicates the phenotype of one trait being studied for every member of a family...
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Karyotype: a laboratory procedure that analyzes the size, shape, and number of chromosomes.
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Human Reproductive System
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Female reproductive organs include the ovaries, the oviduct (or fallopian tubes), and the uterus. The female reproductive gametes are the eggs or ova. The eggs are formed and stored in the ovaries.
Male reproductive parts include the testes, the urethra, and the penis. The male reproductive gamete is sperm, which is formed and stored in the testes. The testes are located outside of the body in order for the sperm to stay viable at several degrees below the temperature of the rest of the body.
Hormones play a major role in developing primary and secondary sex characteristics in male and female bodies.
Hormone: regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
Some hormones are steroids, such as the sex hormones. Some hormones are protein based.
Male hormone: testosterone, developed in the testes.
Female hormone: estrogen and progesterone, developed in the ovaries; AND Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, developed in the pituitary gland.
Hormone: regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
Some hormones are steroids, such as the sex hormones. Some hormones are protein based.
Male hormone: testosterone, developed in the testes.
Female hormone: estrogen and progesterone, developed in the ovaries; AND Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, developed in the pituitary gland.
How ovulation and the menstrual cycle are regulated by hormones:
Menstrual Cycle: a series of changes in the ovary and uterus that is controlled by the interaction of hormones
Follicular Phase:
- tiny cavities called follicles in ovaries grow and secrete estrogen due to FSH produced from the anterior pituitary gland
Ovulation:
- a 'secondary oocyte' ruptures out of ovaries due to LH from anterior pituitary gland. Ovulation occurs on 14th day after menstruation
Luteal Phase:
- after ovulation, the cavity of the follicle left behind = corpus luteum = secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium (lining of the uterus)
Menstruation:
- in implantation of embryo does NOT occur, the build up of the uterus breaks down and is shed. Tissue and blood are discharged from the vaginal canal; this bleeding = a period.
Follicular Phase:
- tiny cavities called follicles in ovaries grow and secrete estrogen due to FSH produced from the anterior pituitary gland
Ovulation:
- a 'secondary oocyte' ruptures out of ovaries due to LH from anterior pituitary gland. Ovulation occurs on 14th day after menstruation
Luteal Phase:
- after ovulation, the cavity of the follicle left behind = corpus luteum = secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium (lining of the uterus)
Menstruation:
- in implantation of embryo does NOT occur, the build up of the uterus breaks down and is shed. Tissue and blood are discharged from the vaginal canal; this bleeding = a period.
Fetal Development
From one fertilized egg, the zygote, the one cell divides through a process called cleavage. This forms the embryo.
The placenta is the region within the uterus that provides the fetus with nutrients and allow waste products to be removed away from the fetus. One important factor is that the maternal blood and the baby's blood NEVER mix. This image shows the separation.